¤G¡BÆQ«×

ÆQ«×¡]Salinity¡A¤@¯ë§¡¥ÎS¥Nªí¡^¡R±N®ü¤ô¤¤¤@¤ÁºÒ¤Æª« ¡]ºÒ»ÄÆQ¡^¡B·Í¤Î¸K¤Æª«µ¥§¡¥N´«¬°´â¤Æª«¡A¦P®É±N©Ò¦³¦³¾÷ª«§¹¥þ®ñ¤Æ¡A«h¤@¤½¤ç®ü¤ô¤¤©Ò §t¦³¤§©TÅéª«½è¤§Á`§J¼Æ§Y¬°ÆQ«×¡C©Ò¥HÆQ«×¬O«¶q¦Ê¤À¤ñ¿@«×¡A¨ä³æ¦ì¬° ¤d¤À¤§¤@(⁰/₀₀)¡C´«¨¥¤§¡AÆQ«×«Y«ü¤@¤½¤ç®ü¤ô¤¤§t¦³¤§·»¸Ñª«½èªº Á`§J¼Æ¡C¥Ñ©ó®ü¤ô¤¤·»¸Ñª«½è¦¨¥÷²Õ¦¨¬Æ½ÆÂø¡AµLªkª½±µ¤Æ¾Ç¤ÀªR¡A¬G±Ä¥Î¤Wz¥N´«ªk¡C

®ü¤ôªº²Õ¦¨¡CºK¦ÛThurman, H. V. (1993) "Essentials of Oceanography", 4th ed.¡C

ÆQ«×´ú©wªk¡R°®Àêªk¡]³Ì¤£·Ç¡^¡B¤Æ¾Çºw©wªk¡B¥H¤Î¶¡±µªk¡C

¡]¤@¡^°®Àêªk¤§ì²z«Y®Ú¾ÚÆQ«×¤§©w¸q¡A¦ý¦h¼ÆÆQÃþ§l¤ô¡A ³¡¥÷¤SÀH¤ô®ð¤Æ¡A¬G´ú¤£·Ç¡A¹ê»Ú¤W¨ÃµLªkÀ³¥Î¡C
¡]¤G¡^®Ú¾Ú¹ê´ú²Îp¥§¡¡A¤@¯ë®ü¤ôªº·»½è¤¤¡A´âÂ÷¤l¥e $55.0 \%$ ¡B²¸»ÄÂ÷¤l $7.7\%$ ¡B ¶uÂ÷¤l $30.6\%$ ¡BÁâÂ÷¤l $3.7\%$ ¡B¹[Â÷¤l $1.1\%$ ¡C¹ïÆQ«×¤£¦Pªº®ü¤ô¡A¨ä¥Dn ¦¨¥÷¶¡ªº¤ñ¨Ò¤´«O«ù¤£ÅÜ¡A»¡©ú«Ü¤[¥H«e®ü¤ô«K¤w²V¦X±o«Ü§¡¤Ã¡C ¦]´âÂ÷¤l§t¶q°ª¡A¬G¥i¥Îµv»Ä»Èºw©wªk¨D¥X´â«×¢w§Y¨C¤½¤ç®ü¤ô ¤¤´âÂ÷¤l¡]¥]¬A¸K»P·Í¡^¤§§J¼Æ¡AµM«á¦A§Q¥Î¸gÅç¤½¦¡¤Ï¨DÆQ«×¡A §Y¡R
ÆQ«× $= 0.03 + 1.80655 \times$ ´â«× ¡]Â²¼g ¬°Cl ⁰/₀₀¡^¡C ¤Æ¾Çºw©wÆQ«×´ú©wªk¡RMohrºw©wªk¡A¥Hµv»Ä»È¬°¸Õ²G¡A»Ì»Ä¹[¬°«ü¥Ü¾¯
$Na Cl + Ag NO_3 & \rightarrow & Na NO_3 + Ag Cl$
$2 Ag NO_3 + K_2 Cr O_4 & \rightarrow & Ag_2 Cr O_4 + 2 KNO_3$
³o¬O1960¦ ¥N®ü¬v¾Ç³q¥Îªº¼Ð·Ç´úªk¡A¨äºë½T«×¥i¹F $\pm 0.02 ^0/_{00}$ ¡C

¡]¤T¡^¶¡±µªk¦³¤GÃþ¡A¤@¬°´ú¥X¯S©w·Å«×¤U¤§®ü¤ô±K«×¡A¦A¥Ñ±K«×»P ·Å¡BÆQ¤§Ãö«Y¨D¥XS¡A¥t¤@«h¬°¥Ñ¾É¹q«Y¼Æ¤Ï¨D¡AÀHµÛ¹q¤l»ö¾¹µo ®i¤é·s¤ë²§¡Aªñ¥N¦h¥Î«áªÌ¶q´úÆQ«×¡A¬°¤F¨Ï¥Î»Ýn¦]¦¹¤S«·s©w¸q¤F ¤@Ó·sªºÆQ«×pºâ¼Ð·Ç¤½¦¡¡AºÙ¬°¡u¹ê¥ÎÆQ«×³æ¦ì¡v¡]Practical Salinity Unit¡AÂ²¼g¬°PSU¡ALewis and Perkin 1978¡^¡A§Q¥Î®ü¤ô¤§¾É¹q«×¡]¹qªý¤§Ë ¼Æ¡A¬OÆQ«×»P·Å«×ªº¨ç¼Æ¡^¥ipºâ¥XPSUÆQ«×¡A¨ä¤½¦¡¦p¤U¡R

¡]¤@¡^º¥ýpºâ¾É¹q«×¤ñ(Conductivity Ratio) R¡A§Y

$R = \frac{C(S,T,p)}{C(35,15,0)}$
$= \frac{C(S,T,p)}{C(S,T,0)} \cdot \frac{C(S,T,0)} {C(35,T,0)} \cdot \frac{C(35,T,0)}{C(35,15,0)}$
$= R_p \cdot R_T \cdot r_T$

¦b¹ê»ÚÀ³¥Î½d³ò¤º¡A¦³

$R_T = \frac{R}{r_T (1 + \alpha)}$ ¥H¤Î $R_p = (1 + \alpha)$ ¤§Ãö«Y¡A¦¡¤¤

$\alpha = \frac{A_1p + A_2 p^2 + A_3 P^3}{1 + B_1 T + B_2 T^2 + B_3 R + B_4 TR}$

¥H¤Î

$A_1 = 2.070 \times 10^{-5}$
$A_2 = -6.370 \times 10^{-10}$
$A_3 = 3.989 \times 10^{-15}$
$B_1 = 3.426 \times 10^{-2}$
$B_2 = 4.464 \times 10^{-4}$
$B_3 = 4.215 \times 10^{-1}$
$B_4 = -3.107 \times 10^{-3}$

¦Ü©ór_T¤§¤½¦¡«h¬°

r_T = c₀ + c₁ T + c₂ T² +c₃ T³ + c₄ T⁴
$c_0 = 6.766097 \times 10^{-1}$
$c_1 = 2.00564 \times 10^{-2}$
$c_2 = 1.104259 \times 10^{-4}$
$c_3 = -6.9689 \times 10^{-7}$
$c_4 = 1.0031 \times 10^{-9}$

¡]¤G¡^ºî¦X°_¨Ó«K±o¨ìÆQ«×¤§ªí¥Ü¦¡¬°

S(⁰/₀₀) = a₀ + a₁ R_T^1/2 + a₂ R_T + a₃ R_T^3/2 + a₄ R_T² + a₅ R_T^5/2
$+ \frac{(T-15)}{1 + k(T-15)} \{b_0 + b_1 {R_T}^{1/2} + b_2 R_T + b_3 {R_T}^{3/2} + b_4 {R_T}^2 + b_5 {R_T}^{5/2} \}$

¨ä¤¤

$a_0 = 0.0080 \ \ b_0 = 0.0005 \ \ k = 0.0162$
$a_1 = -0.1692 \ \ b_1 = -0.0056$
$a_2 = 25.3851 \ \ b_2 = -0.0066$
$a_3 = 14.0941 \ \ b_3 = -0.0375$
$a_4 = -7.0261 \ \ b_4 = 0.0636$
$a_5 = 2.7081 \ \ b_5 = -0.0144$
$\sum a_i = 35.0000, \ \ \sum b_i = 0.0000$ ¤W¦¡¾A¥Î±ø¥ó¬° $-2^\circ C \leq T \leq 35^\circ C$ ¡C §Q¥Îºë±K¹q¸ô¥H¤Î·PÀ³¾¹¶q¥X®ü¤ôªº¾É¹q«×¡B·Å«×¥H¤ÎÀ£¤O¡A«K¥i¥N¤J¤W¦¡ ¤¤¨D¥XÆQ«×¡A³oºØ¤èªkªººë½T«×¥i¹F $\pm 0.003 ^0/_{00}$ ¥H¤W¡C

¤j¬v¤¤ÆQ«×¤¶©ó $33 \sim 37 ^0/_{00}$ ¡A°«B¦h©Î¦³ªe¬yª`¤J¤§®ü± ¬Æ¦Ü¥i¤p©ó5 ⁰/₀₀¡A¤¤½n«×»]µo¹L¤j¤§©t¥ß®ü± «h¥i°ª¹F39 ⁰/₀₀¡]¦p¦a¤¤®ü¡B¬õ®ü 41 ⁰/₀₀¡^¡Aªí±®ü¤ôªº¥§¡ÆQ«×¡A¥_¤j¦è¬v ³Ì°ª(35.5)¡A«n¤j¦è¬v¤Î«n¤Ó¥¬v¸û¤Ö(35.2)¡A¥_¤Ó¥¬v³Ì¤Ö(34.2)¡C

®ü¬vªí¼h¤§ÆQ«×¤À§Gª¬ªp¡CºK¦ÛD.E. Ingmanson and W.J. Wallace (1995) "Oceanography, An Introduction", 5th ed.¡C

®ü¬v¾Ç¤¤¡A¤ô·Å¤§¼Ð·Ç³æ¦ì¬°Äá¤ó«×¡] $^\circ C$ ¡^¡A¤j¬v¤¤¤ô·Å¤¶©ó $-2^\circ C \sim 30^\circ C$ ¤§¶¡¡A¨äÅÜ¤Æµøµ²¦B¡B¿ç®g»P¤j®ð¶¡¼ö¥æ´«¦Ó©w¡C¬°³°¦a¥]³ò ¤§®ü°ì¡A¤ô·ÅÅÜ¤Æ¿ç«×¸û¤j¡C¤j¬v¤¤¤ô·Å¬Æ¤Ö¶W¹L $30^\circ C$ ¡C®ü¬v¤¤²{³õ¤ô·Å¦h¥H¯S®í·Å «×p¡]ÄAË¦¡·Å«×p¡^©Î¼öªýp´ú¶q¡C

®üªí±·Å«×¤À§Gª¬ªp(¤K¤ë)¡C>

®üªí±·Å«×¤À§Gª¬ªp(¤G¤ë)¡C
¥H¤W¤G¹Ï§¡ ºK¦ÛD.E. Ingmanson and W.J. Wallace (1995) "Oceanography, An Introduction", 5th ed.¡C

®ü¬v¾Ç¤¤À£¤O(P)¦h¥Î¤À¤Ú¬°³æ¦ì¡]1 decibar = 0.1 bar = 10⁵ dyn/cm²¡^¡A ¦ýªñ¦~°ê»Ú³q¥Î³æ¦ì¡]SI, International System of Units¡^«h±Ä¥Î ©¬(Pascal, 1 Pa = 10 dyn/cm²)¡A¨Ò¦p ®ð¶H¬É«K§ï¥Î¦Ê©¬¡]hPa¡^¥N´À¤F²@¤Ú(mb)¡C®ü¤ô¤§À£¤O¥Dn¬O ¥Ñ¤ô¬W¤§«¶q¦Ó¨Ó¡A¥ÑÀR¤O¥¿Å¤èµ{¦¡ª¾¡J

$\frac{\partial P}{\partial z} = - g \rho \ \ \rightarrow \ \ P(z) - P(0) = - \int^{z}_{0} g \rho dz$

¦p¥O¤ô±®ðÀ£P(0) = 0¡A«h $P(z) = - \int^{z}_{0} g \rho dz$ ¡C

$1 atm = 1013.25 mb = 760.00 \ mm \ mercury$
$\ \ = 1.01325 \times 10^6 dynes/cm^2 = 1000 mb$

®ü¤ô¤§±K«×¡]¨£¤U¸`¡^¤ñ¯Â¤ô¤j¡A°²³]¥§¡¬° $\bar{\rho} = 1.026 g/cm^3$ ¡A«h

$P(z) = g \bar{\rho} z$
$\ \ = 980 (cm/sec^2) \times 1.026 (g/cm^3) \times z \ (m)$
$\ \ = 1005.48 z \ (g \cdot cm/sec^2 \cdot 10^2 cm /cm^3)$
$\ \ = 1.00548 \times 10^5 z \ (dynes/cm^2)$
$\ \ = 1.00548 z \ (db)$

©Ò¥H¤@¤½¤Ø®ü¤ô¬W©Ò²£¥Í¤§¤ôÀ£¤Oªñ¦ü©ó¤@¤À¤Ú¡A¦Ó¤@¤j®ðÀ£¬Û·í©ó©Ó¨ü ¤Q¤½¤Ø¤ô¬W¤§«¶q¡A©Ò¥H®ü±¤U¬ù¨C¤Q¤½¤ØÀ£¤O¼W¥[¤@¤Ú©Î¬O¤@¤j®ðÀ£¡C

¤ôÀ£ªº¤O¶q¡C·Ó¤ù¤W¥ª
¥k¨â°¼ì¨Ó¬O¤@¼Ò¤@¼Ëªº
¨âÓ«OÄRÀsªM¡A¥k°¼ªºªM
¤l¥u¤£¹L³Q©ñ¨ì®ü±¤U
2642¤½¤Ø²`³BµM«á¦A¨ú¦^
¡A¥i¨£¤ôÀ£ªº¤O¶q¦³¦h¤j
¡A®ü¬v»ö¾¹©¹©¹»Ý¯à©Ó¨ü
§ó¤jªºÀ£¤O¡CºK¦Û
D.E. Ingmanson and W.J.
Wallace (1995) "Oceanography,
An Introduction", 5th ed.¡C

8/8/1998